Meetings and Discussions
| PERFORMANCE BASED TRAINING1. What is important when giving a presentation?
1.Was ist wichtig für Meetings und Diskussionen?
People often complain about meetings. However, most people also recognise the importance of getting together and discussing topics about challenges and how to solve them. James Surowiecki in his book “The Wisdom of Crowds” (2004), highlights the consensus of the group as a better decision-making process than following the decision of an individual. Mariano Sigman and Dan Ariely in their TED talk similarly stating the fact that even people with opposing views reach a better consensus than individuals. However, they also concluded that people with extreme views are more confident than those with neutral views. This could be a reason why it is also very easy for a relatively small group with extreme views to convince the bigger group with a neutral position. The majority tend to think there is something wrong in not having a position. In the Asch Experiment in 1951, Salomon Asch demonstrated a phenomenon called conformity or groupthink which leads people in not trusting their own reality but to follow the group’s fictitious story. Therefore, group consensus can be a better one than an individual one. In contrast, it can also be totally destructive if a radical view highjacks a neutral view.
2. What is the method for meetings and discussion?
2. Welche Methode gibt es für Besprechungen und Diskussionen?
There are three components in the method for successful meetings. Firstly, it is important to manage the content by circulating an agenda prior to the meeting and to review whether everyone has the same information and can make a connection to previous meetings and action points. During the meeting it is important that everyone shares information by providing as much evidence as possible to check whether the facts are correct, and people understand the issue. Secondly, it is important to manage the process by making sure that time is allocated to various items in the discussion in order to avoid deviations when ideas are discussed. However, amendments to the agenda should be negotiable if there are any unexpected changes. Thirdly, it is important to focus on the dynamic of how people feel during the meeting. Bad feeling can easily highjack the discussion, which can lead to an unsuccessful decision-making process and outcome. Therefore, concerns should be clarified as quickly as possible and the quieter people should be encouraged to participate comfortably to the discussion. To conclude, if the content, process and dynamic of the meeting is managed effectively then the outcome is bound to be successful.

3. 7 steps to successfully participate in discussions and chair meetings.
3. 7 Schritte zur erfolgreichen Teilnahme an Diskussionen und Meetings
Step 1: How to prepare for international meetings
Schritt 1: Wie man sich auf internationale Meetings vorbereitet
In the bus metaphor by “First getting the right people on the bus and the wrong people off the bus and then decide where to drive it”, Jim Collins in his book “Good to Great” (2001) starts with “who”, and then the “what” in terms of making decisions and deciding on strategies, etc. The reason is with the wrong people in the meeting the outcome could be inefficient. In contrast, with the right people it is easier to go from making mistakes to making the best choices. Therefore, for every meeting the right people must be invited. To do this the chair person needs to speak to all the participants in advance and clarify expectations about roles, goals and outcomes in a meeting. This gives the chairperson the opportunity to check the mindsets and level of engagements of all participants. In addition, it is important to consider which issues will be the most controversial one’s, where people may disagree and have strong opposing positions. Therefore, it is advisable to put the less problematic items first on the agenda and to keep the more problematic one’s at the end in order to start with a positive momentum. Finally, make sure that the agenda is not overloaded relative to the time budget.

“First get the right people on the bus and then figure out where to drive it” Jim Collins
Step 2: How to start international meetings
Schritt 2: Wie man internationale Meetings startet

Like in a flock of birds, one takes the lead and the others follow. However, the others are also able to lead. Starting international meetings, it is good practice to appoint one person as the chair of the meeting. The chair may consider the following points:
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Managing the content, this includes:
- - Give a clear opening statement (no more than 2 minutes) with a brief outline of the agenda and the purpose of the meeting
- i) What the topics are about
- ii) Why the topics have been chosen
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Managing the process, this includes:
- - Give a clear time allocation to each topic and how to communicate with each other
- i) How much time is allocated to each topic
- ii) How to view and communicate problematic topics
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Managing the dynamics, this includes:
- - Give all participants a feeling of respect and appreciation
- i) How to deal with talkative people
- ii) How to encourage quieter people
Step 3: How to manage different styles of communication
Schritt 3: Wie man verschiedene Kommunikationsstile verwaltet
A balanced discussion is the foundation of a good decision-making process. An imbalanced discussion can be either where everyone consents or when too many disagree to various opinions. The former situation is when there is the risk of conformity or groupthink (coined by social psychologist Irving L. Janis in 1972). This is when people adopt the consensus option and disregard their opinion of the matter. In contrast, people disagree for the sake of playing the devil’s advocate. The following strategies could be considered to support group communication.
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Communication strategies for supporting quieter people, these include:
- Asking open questions like “Ted, what is your view on that?” However, this may feel like forcing a person to elaborate on a topic they are not so comfortable to talk about.
- Asking closed questions like “Ted do you think we should invest or save money?” With limited options people may feel relieved not having to explain their reasons of a certain opinion.
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Communication strategies for managing talkative people, these include:
- First apologize and then interrupt with a reason. “Sorry to interrupt, but can we move on because of the time?”
- Start with a positive statement, then interrupt and finish with a positive phrase. “That’s an important point, but can we hear what others have to say and then come back to you again later?”
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Communication strategies for dealing with impatient people, these include:
- Getting them to listen to others and getting them to slow down and think of things they may have forgotten. “Yes, but what if… or, have you thought about…?”
- Getting them to think about other options. “So, could you think of any other options?”
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Communication strategies for managing over-analytical thinkers, these include:
- Getting them to stay out of the details and to avoid the dilemma of: not being able to see the forest for the trees. “So, what exactly is the main point here?”
- Pushing them to take action. “So, what do you recommend we do?”

Step 4: How to manage the decision making and taking-action process
Schritt 4: Wie man den Entscheidungs- und Handlungverlauf steuert
A good decision-making process leads to successful action. As John Doerr put it in his TED talk in 2018, “it’s all about setting up the right goals and decide on the best execution”. John Doerr uses the framework managing by Objectives and Key Results” (OKR). In order to do the right action, it is also important to understand the reason of the objective because a lack of purpose can easily stop the drive of executing with an ambition and passion and therefore the results may suffer or be inefficient. The key result is the process of the objective and good results need to be also time-bound, i.e. deadlines need to be realistic, measurable and verifiable. A similar model for the decision-making process can be visualized in a three-part onion diagram with Why in the centre, How in the middle and What as the last circle. The Why focuses on the purpose of the decision making why you should belief in the goal. The How focuses on the process or what specific actions need to be taken to realize the purpose of the goal. Finally, the What focuses on the results and what to do to achieve the goals.
Step 5: How to manage diversity and creativity in international teams
Schritt 5: Wie man Vielfalt und Kreativität in internationalen Teams managt
The biggest risk is human conformity in any decision-making process. Now why do we conform? There is a very famous study on conformity conducted by Psychologist Salomon Asch in 1951, where he identified that people behave in a way to agree to others even though the evidence shows they are wrong. Psychologist Irving Janis developed the concept of “groupthink” in 1972 in which he described that people with similar backgrounds, beliefs and values like each other more than those who are not similar. The reason for conformity and groupthink can be found in human evolution when caveman and cavewoman were only able to survive in a group. Therefore, none of the two caveman and cavewoman were interested in rocking the boat of the group. Caveman and cavewoman mentality clearly do not generate new ideas and progress. In addition, we can also observe in Biology that a healthy new gene needs the diversity of both the male and the female gene and incest leads to a defect in the new gene. Based on these examples it is important to have a diverse set of people in discussions in order to avoid incestuous decisions. The following techniques can be used to generate a more diverse and innovative approach to discussion:
- Encourage people to give their ideas freely.
- Ask a participant of the meeting to comment on the ideas another person has just put forward to the discussion.
- Encourage alternative and very different points of view.
- Discourage people from disagreeing too quickly with others’ ideas.
- Ask people to combine the different ideas at the meeting to find a creative solution.
- Suggest a creative proposal based on the different ideas of people at the meeting.
Step 6: How to deal with conflicts in international meetings
Schritt 6: Wie man mit Konflikten in internationalen Meetings umgeht
The goal of a successful international meeting is to find agreements and to decide on action. However, there is always a potential for disagreement, and this could lead to no decision for action. Consequently, inefficiencies is the product of no action. Productive disagreement should not be confused as a trigger for conflict. Conflict arises from not listening to the interests of others and just sticking to one’s own position in the discussion. So, why is it so hard to find a cooperating agreement in a discussion? One of the reasons is we are very attached to our ideas as they benefit us greatly. We quickly believe what is good for us is equally good for others, which is in most cases an incorrect assumption.
To overcome this dilemma, we need to anticipate potential conflicts by understanding the differences in position. Secondly, we need to identify the sources of conflict. This could include understanding the values of others. For instance, one person may focus more on the agenda and less on the relationship. In the best-case scenario both parties are interested in focusing on the agenda and preserving a good relationship. A win-win conversation could be as the following: “My preference would be…. and tell me your preference, please. If we explain what we want and keep talking why we want what we want, then we can find a way which suits us both.” In contrast, bad discussion could lead that both parties do not focus on the agenda and the relationship, which could lead to a lose-lose situation. Person A:“Now we have a problem” Person B: “What kind of problem”, Person A: “Forget about it…” Person B: “OK, let’s leave it then”. As we can see there is no decision leading to an action. Two similar scenarios, which also lead to inefficient outcomes are when one party wins and the other loses. For example: Person A: “We’ll do it my way, because I say so…” or Person B: “I’m fine, we’ll do it just the way you wanted it”
Step 7: How to manage teleconferences effectively
Schritt 7: Wie man Telefonkonferenzen effektiv managt

As with a face-to-face meeting, telephone conferences equally need to focus on managing the content, the process and the participants. However, the biggest challenges are the technical ones. These could be because of a bad line or a complete cut-off. This may also occur with videoconferences using an internet connection. Secondly, people may not see each other or even know who is talking on the other line. Moreover, people may speak over each other and some may not even dare to say anything because it may seem more difficult to explain anything because of the lack of the body language and the reactions of the listeners. In summary, teleconferences need more time and less content can be discussed for an allocated time compared to face-to-face meetings.
To minimise the inefficiency in teleconferences the following steps could be applied:
#1: It is important to call from a quiet place with a good headset otherwise there are too many background noises, and this could irritate the other members of the call.
#2: the chair person should clarify in the first five minutes who is in the call, the reason of the call and how to participate during the call. For example, a useful practice is to use the names of the participants more than usual. “This is David and I’d like to explain the process of XYZ before handing over to Adriana…”
#3: when speaking it is important to speak slowly and clearly because we are missing the body language and therefore, we may miss out on some details of the message.
#4: Do not multitask as this can lead to misunderstanding and a lack of attention to the opinions or messages.
#5: summarizing more than usual because our attention span is shorter than we think and visually we cannot check whether someone has understood everything or not.
#6: staying out of the details because understanding the simple issues are already challenging enough.
#7: keep sessions shorter and take more breaks because teleconferences need more effort and attention, and this is something we cannot sustain for too long.
6. What will be learned and practiced during the training? What is the success and what can be done after the training?
6. Was wird während des Trainings gelernt und geübt? Was ist der Erfolg und was kann nach dem Training getan werden?
Throughout the training there will be several cycles for evaluating the process of understanding how to manage the content and process of meetings as well as the participants during the discussions. Secondly, to analyse one’s performance and the impact on others. Finally, to identify personal strategies for communicating and disagreeing sensitively. This will be simulated with the peer group and continual feedback loops will enhance self-confidence in mastering the art of communicating in discussions. Throughout the training the focus will be on learning in action, thus, the title “Performance Based Training”.
